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I go a lot further again

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hey babe

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welcome to this edition of NASA images

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welcome to this edition of NASA images
 

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welcome to this edition of NASA images
i'm lynn Bondurant during this show

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i'm lynn Bondurant during this show
 

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i'm lynn Bondurant during this show
we're focusing on historic NASA film

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we're focusing on historic NASA film
 

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we're focusing on historic NASA film
showing electric rockets and more recent

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showing electric rockets and more recent
 

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showing electric rockets and more recent
videotape showing how we may someday

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videotape showing how we may someday
 

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videotape showing how we may someday
explore Mars first let's go back to 1965

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explore Mars first let's go back to 1965
 

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explore Mars first let's go back to 1965
to see most of the film electric

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to see most of the film electric
 

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to see most of the film electric
propulsion though made in the mid 1960s

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propulsion though made in the mid 1960s
 

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propulsion though made in the mid 1960s
much of the film is still current a

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much of the film is still current a
 

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much of the film is still current a
concept showing how electric Rockets

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concept showing how electric Rockets
 

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concept showing how electric Rockets
could be used to fly space travelers to

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could be used to fly space travelers to
 

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could be used to fly space travelers to
Mars is included imagine for a moment

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Mars is included imagine for a moment
 

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Mars is included imagine for a moment
that this is the period of the 1970s and

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that this is the period of the 1970s and
 

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that this is the period of the 1970s and
1980s a period of amazing explorations

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1980s a period of amazing explorations
 

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1980s a period of amazing explorations
in space

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imagine that the distant planet Jupiter

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imagine that the distant planet Jupiter
 

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imagine that the distant planet Jupiter
is to be investigated scientifically by

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is to be investigated scientifically by
 

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is to be investigated scientifically by
a spacecraft that will fly close by at

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a spacecraft that will fly close by at
 

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a spacecraft that will fly close by at
the correct place in its orbit it's

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the correct place in its orbit it's
 

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the correct place in its orbit it's
conventional chemical engines are fired

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conventional chemical engines are fired
 

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conventional chemical engines are fired
to accelerate it to the velocity needed

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to accelerate it to the velocity needed
 

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to accelerate it to the velocity needed
to get to Jupiter imagine also that nine

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to get to Jupiter imagine also that nine
 

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to get to Jupiter imagine also that nine
and a half months later a craft with

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and a half months later a craft with
 

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and a half months later a craft with
advanced engines is launched it slowly

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advanced engines is launched it slowly
 

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advanced engines is launched it slowly
accelerates until it escapes Earth's

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accelerates until it escapes Earth's
 

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accelerates until it escapes Earth's
gravity one year after the conventional

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gravity one year after the conventional
 

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gravity one year after the conventional
craft started of course the first craft

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craft started of course the first craft
 

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craft started of course the first craft
is well on its way since leaving Earth

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is well on its way since leaving Earth
 

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is well on its way since leaving Earth
it has been coasting and it's velocity

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it has been coasting and it's velocity
 

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it has been coasting and it's velocity
has continuously decreased but constant

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has continuously decreased but constant
 

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has continuously decreased but constant
thrust is applied to the second craft

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thrust is applied to the second craft
 

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thrust is applied to the second craft
for six months which continuously

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for six months which continuously
 

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for six months which continuously
increases its velocity even though it

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increases its velocity even though it
 

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increases its velocity even though it
escaped earth

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escaped earth
 

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escaped earth
a year later it reaches Jupiter about

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a year later it reaches Jupiter about
 

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a year later it reaches Jupiter about
eight months ahead of the conventional

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eight months ahead of the conventional
 

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eight months ahead of the conventional
craft and carries three times the

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craft and carries three times the
 

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craft and carries three times the
payload

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what could make this possible electric

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what could make this possible electric
 

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what could make this possible electric
propulsion as used in the hypothetical

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propulsion as used in the hypothetical
 

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propulsion as used in the hypothetical
second spacecraft and it is now under

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second spacecraft and it is now under
 

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second spacecraft and it is now under
active research and development since

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active research and development since
 

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active research and development since
the advent of the Space Age the roaring

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the advent of the Space Age the roaring
 

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the advent of the Space Age the roaring
flaming spectacle of the chemically

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flaming spectacle of the chemically
 

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flaming spectacle of the chemically
fueled rocket has become a common

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fueled rocket has become a common
 

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fueled rocket has become a common
occurrence carrying space vehicles into

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occurrence carrying space vehicles into
 

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occurrence carrying space vehicles into
Earth orbit and deep space the weight of

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Earth orbit and deep space the weight of
 

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Earth orbit and deep space the weight of
such a payload is extremely small

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such a payload is extremely small
 

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such a payload is extremely small
compared to the liftoff weight of the

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compared to the liftoff weight of the
 

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compared to the liftoff weight of the
entire rocket because a chemical booster

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entire rocket because a chemical booster
 

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entire rocket because a chemical booster
can put only 2 to 3% of its weight into

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can put only 2 to 3% of its weight into
 

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can put only 2 to 3% of its weight into
orbit this lifting ratio cannot be

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orbit this lifting ratio cannot be
 

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orbit this lifting ratio cannot be
improved significantly yet today the

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improved significantly yet today the
 

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improved significantly yet today the
chemical rocket is the only means of

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chemical rocket is the only means of
 

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chemical rocket is the only means of
launching a payload from Earth once the

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launching a payload from Earth once the
 

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launching a payload from Earth once the
vehicle is in Earth orbit a chemical

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vehicle is in Earth orbit a chemical
 

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vehicle is in Earth orbit a chemical
engine can send only about 1/3 of its

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engine can send only about 1/3 of its
 

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engine can send only about 1/3 of its
orbital weight to the moon or the near

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orbital weight to the moon or the near
 

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orbital weight to the moon or the near
planets two-thirds is fuel and engines

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planets two-thirds is fuel and engines
 

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planets two-thirds is fuel and engines
the craft quickly burns the fuel of its

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the craft quickly burns the fuel of its
 

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the craft quickly burns the fuel of its
final stage to accelerate the payload to

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final stage to accelerate the payload to
 

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final stage to accelerate the payload to
a high velocity which then coasts the

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a high velocity which then coasts the
 

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a high velocity which then coasts the
rest of the way this coasting flight

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rest of the way this coasting flight
 

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rest of the way this coasting flight
takes considerable time to cover large

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takes considerable time to cover large
 

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takes considerable time to cover large
distances but many deep space missions

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distances but many deep space missions
 

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distances but many deep space missions
can be performed better by applying

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can be performed better by applying
 

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can be performed better by applying
small amounts of thrust during most or

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small amounts of thrust during most or
 

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small amounts of thrust during most or
all of the trip

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over long distances

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over long distances
 

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over long distances
this continuous thrusting will

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this continuous thrusting will
 

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this continuous thrusting will
accelerate spacecraft to very high

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accelerate spacecraft to very high
 

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accelerate spacecraft to very high
velocities and shorten overall travel

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velocities and shorten overall travel
 

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velocities and shorten overall travel
time when perfected electric propulsion

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time when perfected electric propulsion
 

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time when perfected electric propulsion
will provide the continuous thrust

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will provide the continuous thrust
 

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will provide the continuous thrust
needed to reduce travel time to distant

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needed to reduce travel time to distant
 

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needed to reduce travel time to distant
points and will use fuel so effectively

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points and will use fuel so effectively
 

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points and will use fuel so effectively
that a larger fraction of the Earth

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that a larger fraction of the Earth
 

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that a larger fraction of the Earth
orbit weight will be delivered as useful

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orbit weight will be delivered as useful
 

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orbit weight will be delivered as useful
payload if the goals for electric

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payload if the goals for electric
 

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payload if the goals for electric
propulsion are achieved the entire solar

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propulsion are achieved the entire solar
 

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propulsion are achieved the entire solar
system will be open to versatile

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system will be open to versatile
 

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system will be open to versatile
exploration the most difficult space

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exploration the most difficult space
 

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exploration the most difficult space
mission of this decade will be the

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mission of this decade will be the
 

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mission of this decade will be the
landing of men on the moon and getting

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landing of men on the moon and getting
 

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landing of men on the moon and getting
them back safely man in space must be

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them back safely man in space must be
 

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them back safely man in space must be
transported in the shortest possible

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transported in the shortest possible
 

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transported in the shortest possible
time today only an all chemical

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time today only an all chemical
 

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time today only an all chemical
propulsion system can do this job of

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propulsion system can do this job of
 

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propulsion system can do this job of
moon exploration but what lies beyond to

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moon exploration but what lies beyond to
 

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moon exploration but what lies beyond to
establish and maintain a scientific base

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establish and maintain a scientific base
 

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establish and maintain a scientific base
on the moon will require the delivery of

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on the moon will require the delivery of
 

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on the moon will require the delivery of
large amounts of supplies and equipment

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large amounts of supplies and equipment
 

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large amounts of supplies and equipment
a very expensive operation to send large

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a very expensive operation to send large
 

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a very expensive operation to send large
manned spacecraft and unmanned probes to

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manned spacecraft and unmanned probes to
 

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manned spacecraft and unmanned probes to
Mars and Beyond will require the

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Mars and Beyond will require the
 

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Mars and Beyond will require the
propelling of very large payloads over

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propelling of very large payloads over
 

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propelling of very large payloads over
great distances just to lift these

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great distances just to lift these
 

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great distances just to lift these
heavier payloads into deep space with

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heavier payloads into deep space with
 

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heavier payloads into deep space with
all chemical systems will require either

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all chemical systems will require either
 

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all chemical systems will require either
building bigger and bigger launch

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building bigger and bigger launch
 

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building bigger and bigger launch
vehicles or launching several vehicles

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vehicles or launching several vehicles
 

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vehicles or launching several vehicles
into Earth orbit carrying engines and

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into Earth orbit carrying engines and
 

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into Earth orbit carrying engines and
fuel and then assembling them to provide

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fuel and then assembling them to provide
 

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fuel and then assembling them to provide
the propulsion needed both alternatives

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the propulsion needed both alternatives
 

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the propulsion needed both alternatives
are extremely expensive so a propulsion

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are extremely expensive so a propulsion
 

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are extremely expensive so a propulsion
system is needed that will use fuel more

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system is needed that will use fuel more
 

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system is needed that will use fuel more
economically

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in a propulsion system fuel economy can

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in a propulsion system fuel economy can
 

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in a propulsion system fuel economy can
be increased by speeding up the exhaust

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be increased by speeding up the exhaust
 

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be increased by speeding up the exhaust
gases in chemical rockets the exhaust

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gases in chemical rockets the exhaust
 

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gases in chemical rockets the exhaust
velocity is limited by the temperatures

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velocity is limited by the temperatures
 

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velocity is limited by the temperatures
obtainable from combustion

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so methods other than combustion have to

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so methods other than combustion have to
 

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so methods other than combustion have to
be used to speed up propellant gases

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one way is to use the heat of a nuclear

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one way is to use the heat of a nuclear
 

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one way is to use the heat of a nuclear
reactor to increase the exhaust velocity

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reactor to increase the exhaust velocity
 

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reactor to increase the exhaust velocity
of a light gas such as hydrogen this

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of a light gas such as hydrogen this
 

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of a light gas such as hydrogen this
velocity is about 2 and 1/2 times that

240
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velocity is about 2 and 1/2 times that
 

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velocity is about 2 and 1/2 times that
of chemical engines

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therefore nuclear rockets will use fuel

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therefore nuclear rockets will use fuel
 

245
00:07:20,990 --> 00:07:23,200
therefore nuclear rockets will use fuel
two and a half times as effectively as

246
00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:23,210
two and a half times as effectively as
 

247
00:07:23,210 --> 00:07:29,200
two and a half times as effectively as
chemical rockets another way to increase

248
00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:29,210
chemical rockets another way to increase
 

249
00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:31,990
chemical rockets another way to increase
exhaust velocity is to use electrical

250
00:07:31,990 --> 00:07:32,000
exhaust velocity is to use electrical
 

251
00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:34,659
exhaust velocity is to use electrical
energy instead of heat to accelerate the

252
00:07:34,659 --> 00:07:34,669
energy instead of heat to accelerate the
 

253
00:07:34,669 --> 00:07:37,119
energy instead of heat to accelerate the
propellant gas up to 20 times or more

254
00:07:37,119 --> 00:07:37,129
propellant gas up to 20 times or more
 

255
00:07:37,129 --> 00:07:40,450
propellant gas up to 20 times or more
than in chemical rockets these high

256
00:07:40,450 --> 00:07:40,460
than in chemical rockets these high
 

257
00:07:40,460 --> 00:07:42,279
than in chemical rockets these high
exhaust velocities in the electric

258
00:07:42,279 --> 00:07:42,289
exhaust velocities in the electric
 

259
00:07:42,289 --> 00:07:44,619
exhaust velocities in the electric
engine increase the effectiveness of the

260
00:07:44,619 --> 00:07:44,629
engine increase the effectiveness of the
 

261
00:07:44,629 --> 00:07:47,800
engine increase the effectiveness of the
fuel 20 times and more as well resulting

262
00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:47,810
fuel 20 times and more as well resulting
 

263
00:07:47,810 --> 00:07:53,619
fuel 20 times and more as well resulting
in much more work per pound of fuel with

264
00:07:53,619 --> 00:07:53,629
in much more work per pound of fuel with
 

265
00:07:53,629 --> 00:07:55,629
in much more work per pound of fuel with
this high fuel effectiveness and with

266
00:07:55,629 --> 00:07:55,639
this high fuel effectiveness and with
 

267
00:07:55,639 --> 00:07:57,610
this high fuel effectiveness and with
the ability to apply continuous thrust

268
00:07:57,610 --> 00:07:57,620
the ability to apply continuous thrust
 

269
00:07:57,620 --> 00:07:59,890
the ability to apply continuous thrust
the electric engine is a promising

270
00:07:59,890 --> 00:07:59,900
the electric engine is a promising
 

271
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:03,790
the electric engine is a promising
candidate for true space propulsion it

272
00:08:03,790 --> 00:08:03,800
candidate for true space propulsion it
 

273
00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,249
candidate for true space propulsion it
cannot be used as a launch engine but

274
00:08:06,249 --> 00:08:06,259
cannot be used as a launch engine but
 

275
00:08:06,259 --> 00:08:09,519
cannot be used as a launch engine but
once in space it can take over after the

276
00:08:09,519 --> 00:08:09,529
once in space it can take over after the
 

277
00:08:09,529 --> 00:08:11,320
once in space it can take over after the
high thrust chemical booster has given

278
00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:11,330
high thrust chemical booster has given
 

279
00:08:11,330 --> 00:08:13,390
high thrust chemical booster has given
the space vehicle sufficient velocity to

280
00:08:13,390 --> 00:08:13,400
the space vehicle sufficient velocity to
 

281
00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:16,029
the space vehicle sufficient velocity to
overcome the main effects of gravity the

282
00:08:16,029 --> 00:08:16,039
overcome the main effects of gravity the
 

283
00:08:16,039 --> 00:08:20,110
overcome the main effects of gravity the
electric engine is started this small

284
00:08:20,110 --> 00:08:20,120
electric engine is started this small
 

285
00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:22,240
electric engine is started this small
thrust applied intermittently or

286
00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:22,250
thrust applied intermittently or
 

287
00:08:22,250 --> 00:08:25,300
thrust applied intermittently or
continuously for months or years will

288
00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:25,310
continuously for months or years will
 

289
00:08:25,310 --> 00:08:34,969
continuously for months or years will
result in a very high velocity

290
00:08:34,969 --> 00:08:34,979

 

291
00:08:34,979 --> 00:08:37,860

the effect of a very small thrust

292
00:08:37,860 --> 00:08:37,870
the effect of a very small thrust
 

293
00:08:37,870 --> 00:08:41,639
the effect of a very small thrust
applied over a long time is the same as

294
00:08:41,639 --> 00:08:41,649
applied over a long time is the same as
 

295
00:08:41,649 --> 00:08:44,400
applied over a long time is the same as
a very large thrust applied for a very

296
00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:44,410
a very large thrust applied for a very
 

297
00:08:44,410 --> 00:08:48,120
a very large thrust applied for a very
short time thrust multiplied by the time

298
00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:48,130
short time thrust multiplied by the time
 

299
00:08:48,130 --> 00:08:54,139
short time thrust multiplied by the time
it is applied is called total impulse a

300
00:08:54,139 --> 00:08:54,149
it is applied is called total impulse a
 

301
00:08:54,149 --> 00:08:56,970
it is applied is called total impulse a
million pounds of thrust applied for 30

302
00:08:56,970 --> 00:08:56,980
million pounds of thrust applied for 30
 

303
00:08:56,980 --> 00:08:59,759
million pounds of thrust applied for 30
seconds will deliver 30 million pound

304
00:08:59,759 --> 00:08:59,769
seconds will deliver 30 million pound
 

305
00:08:59,769 --> 00:09:03,030
seconds will deliver 30 million pound
seconds of total impulse the same as a

306
00:09:03,030 --> 00:09:03,040
seconds of total impulse the same as a
 

307
00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:05,100
seconds of total impulse the same as a
pound of thrust applied for 30 million

308
00:09:05,100 --> 00:09:05,110
pound of thrust applied for 30 million
 

309
00:09:05,110 --> 00:09:11,880
pound of thrust applied for 30 million
seconds which is roughly a year each

310
00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:11,890
seconds which is roughly a year each
 

311
00:09:11,890 --> 00:09:14,190
seconds which is roughly a year each
flight in space requires a certain total

312
00:09:14,190 --> 00:09:14,200
flight in space requires a certain total
 

313
00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,560
flight in space requires a certain total
impulse the goal of deep space

314
00:09:16,560 --> 00:09:16,570
impulse the goal of deep space
 

315
00:09:16,570 --> 00:09:18,930
impulse the goal of deep space
propulsion is to use the least amount of

316
00:09:18,930 --> 00:09:18,940
propulsion is to use the least amount of
 

317
00:09:18,940 --> 00:09:22,350
propulsion is to use the least amount of
fuel for a given total impulse in space

318
00:09:22,350 --> 00:09:22,360
fuel for a given total impulse in space
 

319
00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:24,990
fuel for a given total impulse in space
propulsion fuel economy of a rocket

320
00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:25,000
propulsion fuel economy of a rocket
 

321
00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:27,900
propulsion fuel economy of a rocket
engine is discussed in terms of specific

322
00:09:27,900 --> 00:09:27,910
engine is discussed in terms of specific
 

323
00:09:27,910 --> 00:09:30,690
engine is discussed in terms of specific
impulse which is defined as the total

324
00:09:30,690 --> 00:09:30,700
impulse which is defined as the total
 

325
00:09:30,700 --> 00:09:35,780
impulse which is defined as the total
impulse generated per pound of fuel used

326
00:09:35,780 --> 00:09:35,790

 

327
00:09:35,790 --> 00:09:38,819

the higher the specific impulse the

328
00:09:38,819 --> 00:09:38,829
the higher the specific impulse the
 

329
00:09:38,829 --> 00:09:41,970
the higher the specific impulse the
longer in seconds one pound of fuel will

330
00:09:41,970 --> 00:09:41,980
longer in seconds one pound of fuel will
 

331
00:09:41,980 --> 00:09:45,870
longer in seconds one pound of fuel will
deliver one pound of thrust for

332
00:09:45,870 --> 00:09:45,880
deliver one pound of thrust for
 

333
00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:47,850
deliver one pound of thrust for
convenience specific impulse is

334
00:09:47,850 --> 00:09:47,860
convenience specific impulse is
 

335
00:09:47,860 --> 00:09:50,819
convenience specific impulse is
expressed in seconds chemical rockets

336
00:09:50,819 --> 00:09:50,829
expressed in seconds chemical rockets
 

337
00:09:50,829 --> 00:09:52,650
expressed in seconds chemical rockets
are limited to specific impulses of

338
00:09:52,650 --> 00:09:52,660
are limited to specific impulses of
 

339
00:09:52,660 --> 00:09:56,040
are limited to specific impulses of
about 450 seconds and relatively little

340
00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:56,050
about 450 seconds and relatively little
 

341
00:09:56,050 --> 00:10:00,509
about 450 seconds and relatively little
improvement can be expected solid fuel

342
00:10:00,509 --> 00:10:00,519
improvement can be expected solid fuel
 

343
00:10:00,519 --> 00:10:02,880
improvement can be expected solid fuel
nuclear rockets are expected to deliver

344
00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:02,890
nuclear rockets are expected to deliver
 

345
00:10:02,890 --> 00:10:05,250
nuclear rockets are expected to deliver
up to about 1000 seconds of specific

346
00:10:05,250 --> 00:10:05,260
up to about 1000 seconds of specific
 

347
00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:08,639
up to about 1000 seconds of specific
impulse electric engines however are now

348
00:10:08,639 --> 00:10:08,649
impulse electric engines however are now
 

349
00:10:08,649 --> 00:10:10,439
impulse electric engines however are now
operating at specific impulses from

350
00:10:10,439 --> 00:10:10,449
operating at specific impulses from
 

351
00:10:10,449 --> 00:10:13,350
operating at specific impulses from
around 800 to 10,000 seconds and higher

352
00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:13,360
around 800 to 10,000 seconds and higher
 

353
00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:17,900
around 800 to 10,000 seconds and higher
in laboratory vacuum chambers

354
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:17,910

 

355
00:10:17,910 --> 00:10:20,370

the higher the specific impulse

356
00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:20,380
the higher the specific impulse
 

357
00:10:20,380 --> 00:10:23,010
the higher the specific impulse
the higher the fuel economy but

358
00:10:23,010 --> 00:10:23,020
the higher the fuel economy but
 

359
00:10:23,020 --> 00:10:24,900
the higher the fuel economy but
unfortunately as specific impulse

360
00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:24,910
unfortunately as specific impulse
 

361
00:10:24,910 --> 00:10:27,630
unfortunately as specific impulse
increases for the same thrust the

362
00:10:27,630 --> 00:10:27,640
increases for the same thrust the
 

363
00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:29,810
increases for the same thrust the
electric power needs increase and

364
00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:29,820
electric power needs increase and
 

365
00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:31,020
electric power needs increase and
powerplant

366
00:10:31,020 --> 00:10:31,030
powerplant
 

367
00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:34,440
powerplant
weight goes up even more so an optimum

368
00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:34,450
weight goes up even more so an optimum
 

369
00:10:34,450 --> 00:10:41,790
weight goes up even more so an optimum
value must be bound for each mission but

370
00:10:41,790 --> 00:10:41,800
value must be bound for each mission but
 

371
00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:43,890
value must be bound for each mission but
even with this compromise for many

372
00:10:43,890 --> 00:10:43,900
even with this compromise for many
 

373
00:10:43,900 --> 00:10:45,720
even with this compromise for many
manned and unmanned interplanetary

374
00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:45,730
manned and unmanned interplanetary
 

375
00:10:45,730 --> 00:10:48,090
manned and unmanned interplanetary
missions the electric engine appears to

376
00:10:48,090 --> 00:10:48,100
missions the electric engine appears to
 

377
00:10:48,100 --> 00:10:50,070
missions the electric engine appears to
be the propulsion system to deliver

378
00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:50,080
be the propulsion system to deliver
 

379
00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:52,590
be the propulsion system to deliver
significant payloads within a reasonable

380
00:10:52,590 --> 00:10:52,600
significant payloads within a reasonable
 

381
00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:58,170
significant payloads within a reasonable
time for missions to Pluto for example

382
00:10:58,170 --> 00:10:58,180
time for missions to Pluto for example
 

383
00:10:58,180 --> 00:11:00,060
time for missions to Pluto for example
the electric engine is the only device

384
00:11:00,060 --> 00:11:00,070
the electric engine is the only device
 

385
00:11:00,070 --> 00:11:06,960
the electric engine is the only device
that can deliver any payload at all the

386
00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:06,970
that can deliver any payload at all the
 

387
00:11:06,970 --> 00:11:09,240
that can deliver any payload at all the
power source for electric engines will

388
00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:09,250
power source for electric engines will
 

389
00:11:09,250 --> 00:11:11,670
power source for electric engines will
be either a nuclear reactor or solar

390
00:11:11,670 --> 00:11:11,680
be either a nuclear reactor or solar
 

391
00:11:11,680 --> 00:11:14,700
be either a nuclear reactor or solar
cells or heat concentrators depending

392
00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:14,710
cells or heat concentrators depending
 

393
00:11:14,710 --> 00:11:17,940
cells or heat concentrators depending
upon how much power is needed waste heat

394
00:11:17,940 --> 00:11:17,950
upon how much power is needed waste heat
 

395
00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:21,750
upon how much power is needed waste heat
is rejected to space by a radiator heat

396
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:21,760
is rejected to space by a radiator heat
 

397
00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:23,700
is rejected to space by a radiator heat
from the power source drives an

398
00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:23,710
from the power source drives an
 

399
00:11:23,710 --> 00:11:26,460
from the power source drives an
electrical generator the electrical

400
00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:26,470
electrical generator the electrical
 

401
00:11:26,470 --> 00:11:28,740
electrical generator the electrical
power is conditioned and controlled to

402
00:11:28,740 --> 00:11:28,750
power is conditioned and controlled to
 

403
00:11:28,750 --> 00:11:30,870
power is conditioned and controlled to
provide the necessary voltages and

404
00:11:30,870 --> 00:11:30,880
provide the necessary voltages and
 

405
00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:33,810
provide the necessary voltages and
currents the typical propulsion system

406
00:11:33,810 --> 00:11:33,820
currents the typical propulsion system
 

407
00:11:33,820 --> 00:11:35,940
currents the typical propulsion system
also includes propellant storage and

408
00:11:35,940 --> 00:11:35,950
also includes propellant storage and
 

409
00:11:35,950 --> 00:11:38,520
also includes propellant storage and
feed devices which lead to the engine

410
00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:38,530
feed devices which lead to the engine
 

411
00:11:38,530 --> 00:11:41,850
feed devices which lead to the engine
itself three types of electric engines

412
00:11:41,850 --> 00:11:41,860
itself three types of electric engines
 

413
00:11:41,860 --> 00:11:43,950
itself three types of electric engines
are under development they differ

414
00:11:43,950 --> 00:11:43,960
are under development they differ
 

415
00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:46,110
are under development they differ
primarily in the way the propellant is

416
00:11:46,110 --> 00:11:46,120
primarily in the way the propellant is
 

417
00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:50,460
primarily in the way the propellant is
accelerated the electro thermal engine

418
00:11:50,460 --> 00:11:50,470
accelerated the electro thermal engine
 

419
00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:53,100
accelerated the electro thermal engine
uses an electric arc or resistance

420
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:53,110
uses an electric arc or resistance
 

421
00:11:53,110 --> 00:11:55,050
uses an electric arc or resistance
element to heat a propellant gas to a

422
00:11:55,050 --> 00:11:55,060
element to heat a propellant gas to a
 

423
00:11:55,060 --> 00:11:57,180
element to heat a propellant gas to a
very high temperature which produces a

424
00:11:57,180 --> 00:11:57,190
very high temperature which produces a
 

425
00:11:57,190 --> 00:12:00,810
very high temperature which produces a
high exhaust velocity specific impulses

426
00:12:00,810 --> 00:12:00,820
high exhaust velocity specific impulses
 

427
00:12:00,820 --> 00:12:04,950
high exhaust velocity specific impulses
from 802 in excess of 2,500 seconds are

428
00:12:04,950 --> 00:12:04,960
from 802 in excess of 2,500 seconds are
 

429
00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:08,940
from 802 in excess of 2,500 seconds are
possible with these engines the electro

430
00:12:08,940 --> 00:12:08,950
possible with these engines the electro
 

431
00:12:08,950 --> 00:12:10,620
possible with these engines the electro
thermal engines have demonstrated good

432
00:12:10,620 --> 00:12:10,630
thermal engines have demonstrated good
 

433
00:12:10,630 --> 00:12:12,630
thermal engines have demonstrated good
performance in vacuum chamber tests

434
00:12:12,630 --> 00:12:12,640
performance in vacuum chamber tests
 

435
00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:15,420
performance in vacuum chamber tests
however laboratory work must continue in

436
00:12:15,420 --> 00:12:15,430
however laboratory work must continue in
 

437
00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:15,810
however laboratory work must continue in
order

438
00:12:15,810 --> 00:12:15,820
order
 

439
00:12:15,820 --> 00:12:19,640
order
to improve performance in

440
00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:19,650

 

441
00:12:19,650 --> 00:12:22,530

electromagnetic engines a fast-moving

442
00:12:22,530 --> 00:12:22,540
electromagnetic engines a fast-moving
 

443
00:12:22,540 --> 00:12:25,320
electromagnetic engines a fast-moving
ionized gas is generated and used as the

444
00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:25,330
ionized gas is generated and used as the
 

445
00:12:25,330 --> 00:12:28,920
ionized gas is generated and used as the
propellant this gas is a plasma of ions

446
00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:28,930
propellant this gas is a plasma of ions
 

447
00:12:28,930 --> 00:12:31,560
propellant this gas is a plasma of ions
and electrons electric and magnetic

448
00:12:31,560 --> 00:12:31,570
and electrons electric and magnetic
 

449
00:12:31,570 --> 00:12:33,810
and electrons electric and magnetic
fields then speed up the charged

450
00:12:33,810 --> 00:12:33,820
fields then speed up the charged
 

451
00:12:33,820 --> 00:12:35,580
fields then speed up the charged
particles to much higher exhaust

452
00:12:35,580 --> 00:12:35,590
particles to much higher exhaust
 

453
00:12:35,590 --> 00:12:38,730
particles to much higher exhaust
velocities a specific impulse range of

454
00:12:38,730 --> 00:12:38,740
velocities a specific impulse range of
 

455
00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:41,850
velocities a specific impulse range of
800 to an excess of 10,000 seconds

456
00:12:41,850 --> 00:12:41,860
800 to an excess of 10,000 seconds
 

457
00:12:41,860 --> 00:12:47,280
800 to an excess of 10,000 seconds
appears to be possible these

458
00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:47,290
appears to be possible these
 

459
00:12:47,290 --> 00:12:49,200
appears to be possible these
electromagnetic devices are the least

460
00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:49,210
electromagnetic devices are the least
 

461
00:12:49,210 --> 00:12:51,540
electromagnetic devices are the least
developed at this time however there are

462
00:12:51,540 --> 00:12:51,550
developed at this time however there are
 

463
00:12:51,550 --> 00:12:53,570
developed at this time however there are
many promising designs under laboratory

464
00:12:53,570 --> 00:12:53,580
many promising designs under laboratory
 

465
00:12:53,580 --> 00:12:58,400
many promising designs under laboratory
investigation in the third type the

466
00:12:58,400 --> 00:12:58,410
investigation in the third type the
 

467
00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:02,310
investigation in the third type the
electrostatic or ion engine cesium or

468
00:13:02,310 --> 00:13:02,320
electrostatic or ion engine cesium or
 

469
00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:05,130
electrostatic or ion engine cesium or
mercury fuel is ionized and the

470
00:13:05,130 --> 00:13:05,140
mercury fuel is ionized and the
 

471
00:13:05,140 --> 00:13:08,160
mercury fuel is ionized and the
resulting electrons removed the ions

472
00:13:08,160 --> 00:13:08,170
resulting electrons removed the ions
 

473
00:13:08,170 --> 00:13:11,250
resulting electrons removed the ions
being positively charged are accelerated

474
00:13:11,250 --> 00:13:11,260
being positively charged are accelerated
 

475
00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:13,080
being positively charged are accelerated
to very high velocities by a high

476
00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:13,090
to very high velocities by a high
 

477
00:13:13,090 --> 00:13:16,380
to very high velocities by a high
negative voltage electrode these engines

478
00:13:16,380 --> 00:13:16,390
negative voltage electrode these engines
 

479
00:13:16,390 --> 00:13:18,800
negative voltage electrode these engines
will operate at specific impulses from

480
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:18,810
will operate at specific impulses from
 

481
00:13:18,810 --> 00:13:25,070
will operate at specific impulses from
3500 to 10,000 seconds or more

482
00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:25,080

 

483
00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:27,240

electrostatic ion engines are the most

484
00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:27,250
electrostatic ion engines are the most
 

485
00:13:27,250 --> 00:13:29,730
electrostatic ion engines are the most
advanced electric type but much work

486
00:13:29,730 --> 00:13:29,740
advanced electric type but much work
 

487
00:13:29,740 --> 00:13:32,130
advanced electric type but much work
remains to develop larger more efficient

488
00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:32,140
remains to develop larger more efficient
 

489
00:13:32,140 --> 00:13:53,120
remains to develop larger more efficient
and reliable engine systems

490
00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:53,130

 

491
00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:55,950

though work on electric engines has been

492
00:13:55,950 --> 00:13:55,960
though work on electric engines has been
 

493
00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:59,010
though work on electric engines has been
underway only since 1959 great progress

494
00:13:59,010 --> 00:13:59,020
underway only since 1959 great progress
 

495
00:13:59,020 --> 00:14:00,330
underway only since 1959 great progress
has been made in government and

496
00:14:00,330 --> 00:14:00,340
has been made in government and
 

497
00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:03,300
has been made in government and
contractor laboratories thrust levels

498
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:03,310
contractor laboratories thrust levels
 

499
00:14:03,310 --> 00:14:05,010
contractor laboratories thrust levels
approaching a pound have already been

500
00:14:05,010 --> 00:14:05,020
approaching a pound have already been
 

501
00:14:05,020 --> 00:14:07,890
approaching a pound have already been
obtained yet enormous strides must still

502
00:14:07,890 --> 00:14:07,900
obtained yet enormous strides must still
 

503
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:10,110
obtained yet enormous strides must still
be taken before larger reliable engines

504
00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:10,120
be taken before larger reliable engines
 

505
00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:13,170
be taken before larger reliable engines
are available goals for electric systems

506
00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:13,180
are available goals for electric systems
 

507
00:14:13,180 --> 00:14:15,510
are available goals for electric systems
include achieving power supply weights

508
00:14:15,510 --> 00:14:15,520
include achieving power supply weights
 

509
00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,390
include achieving power supply weights
of less than 40 and an ultimate goal of

510
00:14:18,390 --> 00:14:18,400
of less than 40 and an ultimate goal of
 

511
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,270
of less than 40 and an ultimate goal of
20 pounds per kilowatt with lifetimes of

512
00:14:21,270 --> 00:14:21,280
20 pounds per kilowatt with lifetimes of
 

513
00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:24,630
20 pounds per kilowatt with lifetimes of
more than 10,000 hours development of

514
00:14:24,630 --> 00:14:24,640
more than 10,000 hours development of
 

515
00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:26,850
more than 10,000 hours development of
the engines themselves strives for

516
00:14:26,850 --> 00:14:26,860
the engines themselves strives for
 

517
00:14:26,860 --> 00:14:29,370
the engines themselves strives for
smaller weight and size per unit thrust

518
00:14:29,370 --> 00:14:29,380
smaller weight and size per unit thrust
 

519
00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:32,000
smaller weight and size per unit thrust
and higher overall effectiveness

520
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:32,010
and higher overall effectiveness
 

521
00:14:32,010 --> 00:14:34,890
and higher overall effectiveness
eventually the entire engine system must

522
00:14:34,890 --> 00:14:34,900
eventually the entire engine system must
 

523
00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:36,780
eventually the entire engine system must
operate continuously for up to four

524
00:14:36,780 --> 00:14:36,790
operate continuously for up to four
 

525
00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:40,230
operate continuously for up to four
years by grouping engines together as

526
00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:40,240
years by grouping engines together as
 

527
00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,350
years by grouping engines together as
building blocks power levels up to 40

528
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:43,360
building blocks power levels up to 40
 

529
00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,650
building blocks power levels up to 40
megawatts and total thrusts of over 450

530
00:14:46,650 --> 00:14:46,660
megawatts and total thrusts of over 450
 

531
00:14:46,660 --> 00:14:53,640
megawatts and total thrusts of over 450
pounds may be obtained in addition to

532
00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:53,650
pounds may be obtained in addition to
 

533
00:14:53,650 --> 00:14:55,680
pounds may be obtained in addition to
this laboratory work electric engines

534
00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:55,690
this laboratory work electric engines
 

535
00:14:55,690 --> 00:14:58,320
this laboratory work electric engines
must be flight tested space conditions

536
00:14:58,320 --> 00:14:58,330
must be flight tested space conditions
 

537
00:14:58,330 --> 00:15:00,570
must be flight tested space conditions
cannot be totally simulated even in

538
00:15:00,570 --> 00:15:00,580
cannot be totally simulated even in
 

539
00:15:00,580 --> 00:15:03,240
cannot be totally simulated even in
these advanced vacuum chambers and there

540
00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:03,250
these advanced vacuum chambers and there
 

541
00:15:03,250 --> 00:15:05,190
these advanced vacuum chambers and there
may be influential environmental factors

542
00:15:05,190 --> 00:15:05,200
may be influential environmental factors
 

543
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,970
may be influential environmental factors
in space unknown at this time small

544
00:15:08,970 --> 00:15:08,980
in space unknown at this time small
 

545
00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:10,800
in space unknown at this time small
electric engines already being developed

546
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:10,810
electric engines already being developed
 

547
00:15:10,810 --> 00:15:14,880
electric engines already being developed
may perform early missions the first

548
00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:14,890
may perform early missions the first
 

549
00:15:14,890 --> 00:15:16,920
may perform early missions the first
application may be to control a

550
00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:16,930
application may be to control a
 

551
00:15:16,930 --> 00:15:20,240
application may be to control a
synchronous communication satellite

552
00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:20,250
synchronous communication satellite
 

553
00:15:20,250 --> 00:15:23,370
synchronous communication satellite
these engines can deliver small accurate

554
00:15:23,370 --> 00:15:23,380
these engines can deliver small accurate
 

555
00:15:23,380 --> 00:15:26,130
these engines can deliver small accurate
bits of thrust for months or years using

556
00:15:26,130 --> 00:15:26,140
bits of thrust for months or years using
 

557
00:15:26,140 --> 00:15:29,040
bits of thrust for months or years using
only small amounts of fuel solar cells

558
00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:29,050
only small amounts of fuel solar cells
 

559
00:15:29,050 --> 00:15:32,760
only small amounts of fuel solar cells
will furnish the power another solar

560
00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:32,770
will furnish the power another solar
 

561
00:15:32,770 --> 00:15:34,620
will furnish the power another solar
powered application could be the raising

562
00:15:34,620 --> 00:15:34,630
powered application could be the raising
 

563
00:15:34,630 --> 00:15:36,630
powered application could be the raising
of an advanced communication satellite

564
00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:36,640
of an advanced communication satellite
 

565
00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,260
of an advanced communication satellite
from a low Earth orbit to its final

566
00:15:39,260 --> 00:15:39,270
from a low Earth orbit to its final
 

567
00:15:39,270 --> 00:15:44,340
from a low Earth orbit to its final
22,000 300 mile orbit

568
00:15:44,340 --> 00:15:44,350

 

569
00:15:44,350 --> 00:15:46,840

solar-powered electric engines may also

570
00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:46,850
solar-powered electric engines may also
 

571
00:15:46,850 --> 00:15:48,820
solar-powered electric engines may also
be used to slowly spiral out a

572
00:15:48,820 --> 00:15:48,830
be used to slowly spiral out a
 

573
00:15:48,830 --> 00:15:50,890
be used to slowly spiral out a
scientific satellite to make a detailed

574
00:15:50,890 --> 00:15:50,900
scientific satellite to make a detailed
 

575
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:55,630
scientific satellite to make a detailed
study of the Van Allen belt flight tests

576
00:15:55,630 --> 00:15:55,640
study of the Van Allen belt flight tests
 

577
00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:57,460
study of the Van Allen belt flight tests
and early missions will provide data

578
00:15:57,460 --> 00:15:57,470
and early missions will provide data
 

579
00:15:57,470 --> 00:15:59,290
and early missions will provide data
that will help perfect the larger

580
00:15:59,290 --> 00:15:59,300
that will help perfect the larger
 

581
00:15:59,300 --> 00:16:01,329
that will help perfect the larger
electric engines needed for more

582
00:16:01,329 --> 00:16:01,339
electric engines needed for more
 

583
00:16:01,339 --> 00:16:05,410
electric engines needed for more
ambitious projects large electric

584
00:16:05,410 --> 00:16:05,420
ambitious projects large electric
 

585
00:16:05,420 --> 00:16:06,579
ambitious projects large electric
propulsion systems

586
00:16:06,579 --> 00:16:06,589
propulsion systems
 

587
00:16:06,589 --> 00:16:08,860
propulsion systems
when perfected they take large amounts

588
00:16:08,860 --> 00:16:08,870
when perfected they take large amounts
 

589
00:16:08,870 --> 00:16:11,079
when perfected they take large amounts
of supplies and equipment to the moon

590
00:16:11,079 --> 00:16:11,089
of supplies and equipment to the moon
 

591
00:16:11,089 --> 00:16:14,440
of supplies and equipment to the moon
and do it much cheaper than all chemical

592
00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:14,450
and do it much cheaper than all chemical
 

593
00:16:14,450 --> 00:16:18,460
and do it much cheaper than all chemical
systems chemically propelled boosters

594
00:16:18,460 --> 00:16:18,470
systems chemically propelled boosters
 

595
00:16:18,470 --> 00:16:20,370
systems chemically propelled boosters
will place the freight into Earth orbit

596
00:16:20,370 --> 00:16:20,380
will place the freight into Earth orbit
 

597
00:16:20,380 --> 00:16:23,350
will place the freight into Earth orbit
the spacecraft may incorporate a small

598
00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:23,360
the spacecraft may incorporate a small
 

599
00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,019
the spacecraft may incorporate a small
chemical engine and electrically

600
00:16:26,019 --> 00:16:26,029
chemical engine and electrically
 

601
00:16:26,029 --> 00:16:28,150
chemical engine and electrically
propelled lunar freighter will

602
00:16:28,150 --> 00:16:28,160
propelled lunar freighter will
 

603
00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:30,700
propelled lunar freighter will
rendezvous with the craft take it to the

604
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:30,710
rendezvous with the craft take it to the
 

605
00:16:30,710 --> 00:16:33,640
rendezvous with the craft take it to the
vicinity of the moon and place it in a

606
00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:33,650
vicinity of the moon and place it in a
 

607
00:16:33,650 --> 00:16:38,800
vicinity of the moon and place it in a
lunar orbit

608
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:38,810

 

609
00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:41,360

the chemical stage will lower the

610
00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:41,370
the chemical stage will lower the
 

611
00:16:41,370 --> 00:16:42,950
the chemical stage will lower the
freight loaded craft to the lunar

612
00:16:42,950 --> 00:16:42,960
freight loaded craft to the lunar
 

613
00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:48,430
freight loaded craft to the lunar
surface

614
00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:48,440

 

615
00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:50,960

while the electrically driven freighter

616
00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:50,970
while the electrically driven freighter
 

617
00:16:50,970 --> 00:16:53,590
while the electrically driven freighter
returns to Earth orbit for another load

618
00:16:53,590 --> 00:16:53,600
returns to Earth orbit for another load
 

619
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:55,970
returns to Earth orbit for another load
it will continue to shuttle back and

620
00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:55,980
it will continue to shuttle back and
 

621
00:16:55,980 --> 00:16:58,670
it will continue to shuttle back and
forth with periodic fuel replacement as

622
00:16:58,670 --> 00:16:58,680
forth with periodic fuel replacement as
 

623
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:04,160
forth with periodic fuel replacement as
long as its power supply lasts of course

624
00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:04,170
long as its power supply lasts of course
 

625
00:17:04,170 --> 00:17:05,840
long as its power supply lasts of course
the electric freighter will take longer

626
00:17:05,840 --> 00:17:05,850
the electric freighter will take longer
 

627
00:17:05,850 --> 00:17:08,120
the electric freighter will take longer
to get to the moon but for most Freight

628
00:17:08,120 --> 00:17:08,130
to get to the moon but for most Freight
 

629
00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,310
to get to the moon but for most Freight
the longer travel time is not an

630
00:17:10,310 --> 00:17:10,320
the longer travel time is not an
 

631
00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:20,810
the longer travel time is not an
important consideration for the same

632
00:17:20,810 --> 00:17:20,820
important consideration for the same
 

633
00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:22,850
important consideration for the same
amount of freight this system will need

634
00:17:22,850 --> 00:17:22,860
amount of freight this system will need
 

635
00:17:22,860 --> 00:17:25,250
amount of freight this system will need
far fewer expensive earth launch

636
00:17:25,250 --> 00:17:25,260
far fewer expensive earth launch
 

637
00:17:25,260 --> 00:17:28,670
far fewer expensive earth launch
boosters than all chemical system would

638
00:17:28,670 --> 00:17:28,680
boosters than all chemical system would
 

639
00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:32,010
boosters than all chemical system would
require

640
00:17:32,010 --> 00:17:32,020

 

641
00:17:32,020 --> 00:17:34,870

on small vehicle missions to the near

642
00:17:34,870 --> 00:17:34,880
on small vehicle missions to the near
 

643
00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:38,260
on small vehicle missions to the near
planets Mars and Venus electric engines

644
00:17:38,260 --> 00:17:38,270
planets Mars and Venus electric engines
 

645
00:17:38,270 --> 00:17:40,810
planets Mars and Venus electric engines
can deliver much more payload by taking

646
00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:40,820
can deliver much more payload by taking
 

647
00:17:40,820 --> 00:17:44,080
can deliver much more payload by taking
a slightly longer time a three-stage

648
00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:44,090
a slightly longer time a three-stage
 

649
00:17:44,090 --> 00:17:46,659
a slightly longer time a three-stage
chemical rocket now being studied could

650
00:17:46,659 --> 00:17:46,669
chemical rocket now being studied could
 

651
00:17:46,669 --> 00:17:49,270
chemical rocket now being studied could
get a 2,500 pound payload into an orbit

652
00:17:49,270 --> 00:17:49,280
get a 2,500 pound payload into an orbit
 

653
00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:53,140
get a 2,500 pound payload into an orbit
around Mars in about 210 days and

654
00:17:53,140 --> 00:17:53,150
around Mars in about 210 days and
 

655
00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:55,140
around Mars in about 210 days and
electrically propel spacecraft

656
00:17:55,140 --> 00:17:55,150
electrically propel spacecraft
 

657
00:17:55,150 --> 00:17:58,030
electrically propel spacecraft
substituted for the third stage could do

658
00:17:58,030 --> 00:17:58,040
substituted for the third stage could do
 

659
00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:01,480
substituted for the third stage could do
as well in the same time but by using a

660
00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:01,490
as well in the same time but by using a
 

661
00:18:01,490 --> 00:18:03,640
as well in the same time but by using a
higher specific impulse engine and

662
00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:03,650
higher specific impulse engine and
 

663
00:18:03,650 --> 00:18:07,419
higher specific impulse engine and
taking only 40 more days it can deliver

664
00:18:07,419 --> 00:18:07,429
taking only 40 more days it can deliver
 

665
00:18:07,429 --> 00:18:12,460
taking only 40 more days it can deliver
twice the payload to those planets

666
00:18:12,460 --> 00:18:12,470
twice the payload to those planets
 

667
00:18:12,470 --> 00:18:14,799
twice the payload to those planets
beyond Mars and Venus electric

668
00:18:14,799 --> 00:18:14,809
beyond Mars and Venus electric
 

669
00:18:14,809 --> 00:18:16,450
beyond Mars and Venus electric
propulsion gives both the payload and

670
00:18:16,450 --> 00:18:16,460
propulsion gives both the payload and
 

671
00:18:16,460 --> 00:18:19,240
propulsion gives both the payload and
time advantage it appears to be the most

672
00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:19,250
time advantage it appears to be the most
 

673
00:18:19,250 --> 00:18:21,280
time advantage it appears to be the most
promising means of sending scientific

674
00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:21,290
promising means of sending scientific
 

675
00:18:21,290 --> 00:18:23,260
promising means of sending scientific
probes from Earth orbit into the

676
00:18:23,260 --> 00:18:23,270
probes from Earth orbit into the
 

677
00:18:23,270 --> 00:18:26,770
probes from Earth orbit into the
asteroid belt beyond Mars to Jupiter and

678
00:18:26,770 --> 00:18:26,780
asteroid belt beyond Mars to Jupiter and
 

679
00:18:26,780 --> 00:18:29,620
asteroid belt beyond Mars to Jupiter and
farther a greater the distance the

680
00:18:29,620 --> 00:18:29,630
farther a greater the distance the
 

681
00:18:29,630 --> 00:18:31,870
farther a greater the distance the
greater the advantages of electric

682
00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:31,880
greater the advantages of electric
 

683
00:18:31,880 --> 00:18:35,770
greater the advantages of electric
propulsion looking toward the day when

684
00:18:35,770 --> 00:18:35,780
propulsion looking toward the day when
 

685
00:18:35,780 --> 00:18:38,289
propulsion looking toward the day when
large power supplies from 20 to 40

686
00:18:38,289 --> 00:18:38,299
large power supplies from 20 to 40
 

687
00:18:38,299 --> 00:18:40,570
large power supplies from 20 to 40
megawatts and large engines of proven

688
00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,580
megawatts and large engines of proven
 

689
00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:43,240
megawatts and large engines of proven
reliability are available scientists

690
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:43,250
reliability are available scientists
 

691
00:18:43,250 --> 00:18:45,280
reliability are available scientists
have developed a concept for a manned

692
00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:45,290
have developed a concept for a manned
 

693
00:18:45,290 --> 00:18:47,560
have developed a concept for a manned
Mars expedition with electrically

694
00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:47,570
Mars expedition with electrically
 

695
00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:50,289
Mars expedition with electrically
propelled vehicles the concept suggests

696
00:18:50,289 --> 00:18:50,299
propelled vehicles the concept suggests
 

697
00:18:50,299 --> 00:18:52,419
propelled vehicles the concept suggests
the expedition will consist of five

698
00:18:52,419 --> 00:18:52,429
the expedition will consist of five
 

699
00:18:52,429 --> 00:18:55,180
the expedition will consist of five
spaceships which will be assembled in a

700
00:18:55,180 --> 00:18:55,190
spaceships which will be assembled in a
 

701
00:18:55,190 --> 00:19:00,220
spaceships which will be assembled in a
low Earth orbit before departure

702
00:19:00,220 --> 00:19:00,230

 

703
00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:03,649

the completed ships will each weigh 360

704
00:19:03,649 --> 00:19:03,659
the completed ships will each weigh 360
 

705
00:19:03,659 --> 00:19:06,310
the completed ships will each weigh 360
tons and will carry a payload of 40 tons

706
00:19:06,310 --> 00:19:06,320
tons and will carry a payload of 40 tons
 

707
00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:08,659
tons and will carry a payload of 40 tons
at one end of the vehicle

708
00:19:08,659 --> 00:19:08,669
at one end of the vehicle
 

709
00:19:08,669 --> 00:19:10,490
at one end of the vehicle
there will be a 40 megawatt nuclear

710
00:19:10,490 --> 00:19:10,500
there will be a 40 megawatt nuclear
 

711
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:13,879
there will be a 40 megawatt nuclear
power supply next will be power

712
00:19:13,879 --> 00:19:13,889
power supply next will be power
 

713
00:19:13,889 --> 00:19:16,879
power supply next will be power
converter equipment there also will be

714
00:19:16,879 --> 00:19:16,889
converter equipment there also will be
 

715
00:19:16,889 --> 00:19:19,539
converter equipment there also will be
radiators to give off waste heat and

716
00:19:19,539 --> 00:19:19,549
radiators to give off waste heat and
 

717
00:19:19,549 --> 00:19:25,190
radiators to give off waste heat and
cesium fuel tanks at the other end will

718
00:19:25,190 --> 00:19:25,200
cesium fuel tanks at the other end will
 

719
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:27,740
cesium fuel tanks at the other end will
be a three-man crew compartment there

720
00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:27,750
be a three-man crew compartment there
 

721
00:19:27,750 --> 00:19:30,259
be a three-man crew compartment there
will be a total of 15 men to perform all

722
00:19:30,259 --> 00:19:30,269
will be a total of 15 men to perform all
 

723
00:19:30,269 --> 00:19:32,509
will be a total of 15 men to perform all
the mission objectives three of the

724
00:19:32,509 --> 00:19:32,519
the mission objectives three of the
 

725
00:19:32,519 --> 00:19:34,850
the mission objectives three of the
ships will carry piggyback Mars landing

726
00:19:34,850 --> 00:19:34,860
ships will carry piggyback Mars landing
 

727
00:19:34,860 --> 00:19:37,310
ships will carry piggyback Mars landing
vehicles while the other two will carry

728
00:19:37,310 --> 00:19:37,320
vehicles while the other two will carry
 

729
00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:42,619
vehicles while the other two will carry
extra fuel for the return to earth five

730
00:19:42,619 --> 00:19:42,629
extra fuel for the return to earth five
 

731
00:19:42,629 --> 00:19:44,389
extra fuel for the return to earth five
vehicles will be used for safety

732
00:19:44,389 --> 00:19:44,399
vehicles will be used for safety
 

733
00:19:44,399 --> 00:19:47,509
vehicles will be used for safety
purposes if one or more failed the men

734
00:19:47,509 --> 00:19:47,519
purposes if one or more failed the men
 

735
00:19:47,519 --> 00:19:49,100
purposes if one or more failed the men
would be transferred to the other ships

736
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:49,110
would be transferred to the other ships
 

737
00:19:49,110 --> 00:19:51,169
would be transferred to the other ships
to continue the flight or return to

738
00:19:51,169 --> 00:19:51,179
to continue the flight or return to
 

739
00:19:51,179 --> 00:19:53,869
to continue the flight or return to
Earth after checkout and placing the

740
00:19:53,869 --> 00:19:53,879
Earth after checkout and placing the
 

741
00:19:53,879 --> 00:19:56,240
Earth after checkout and placing the
flight crew aboard the electric engines

742
00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:56,250
flight crew aboard the electric engines
 

743
00:19:56,250 --> 00:19:58,700
flight crew aboard the electric engines
would spiral them continuously for 56

744
00:19:58,700 --> 00:19:58,710
would spiral them continuously for 56
 

745
00:19:58,710 --> 00:20:00,950
would spiral them continuously for 56
days until they escape the Earth's

746
00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:00,960
days until they escape the Earth's
 

747
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:05,210
days until they escape the Earth's
gravity then they would enter a transfer

748
00:20:05,210 --> 00:20:05,220
gravity then they would enter a transfer
 

749
00:20:05,220 --> 00:20:07,399
gravity then they would enter a transfer
orbit around the Sun traveling toward

750
00:20:07,399 --> 00:20:07,409
orbit around the Sun traveling toward
 

751
00:20:07,409 --> 00:20:11,810
orbit around the Sun traveling toward
Mars the ships would take 148 days to

752
00:20:11,810 --> 00:20:11,820
Mars the ships would take 148 days to
 

753
00:20:11,820 --> 00:20:13,369
Mars the ships would take 148 days to
make the trip to the vicinity of the

754
00:20:13,369 --> 00:20:13,379
make the trip to the vicinity of the
 

755
00:20:13,379 --> 00:20:19,020
make the trip to the vicinity of the
planet

756
00:20:19,020 --> 00:20:19,030

 

757
00:20:19,030 --> 00:20:22,270

once near Mars they would spiral into a

758
00:20:22,270 --> 00:20:22,280
once near Mars they would spiral into a
 

759
00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:24,610
once near Mars they would spiral into a
low orbit this would take an additional

760
00:20:24,610 --> 00:20:24,620
low orbit this would take an additional
 

761
00:20:24,620 --> 00:20:29,680
low orbit this would take an additional
21 days once in this orbit one of the

762
00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:29,690
21 days once in this orbit one of the
 

763
00:20:29,690 --> 00:20:31,510
21 days once in this orbit one of the
piggyback chemical vehicles would go

764
00:20:31,510 --> 00:20:31,520
piggyback chemical vehicles would go
 

765
00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:33,880
piggyback chemical vehicles would go
down to the surface without men to land

766
00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:33,890
down to the surface without men to land
 

767
00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,980
down to the surface without men to land
equipment then one manned craft would

768
00:20:38,980 --> 00:20:38,990
equipment then one manned craft would
 

769
00:20:38,990 --> 00:20:42,850
equipment then one manned craft would
land to explore the surface after 29

770
00:20:42,850 --> 00:20:42,860
land to explore the surface after 29
 

771
00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:44,890
land to explore the surface after 29
days the party would board the landing

772
00:20:44,890 --> 00:20:44,900
days the party would board the landing
 

773
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,380
days the party would board the landing
craft and rejoin the ships then the

774
00:20:47,380 --> 00:20:47,390
craft and rejoin the ships then the
 

775
00:20:47,390 --> 00:20:49,690
craft and rejoin the ships then the
landing craft would be abandoned and the

776
00:20:49,690 --> 00:20:49,700
landing craft would be abandoned and the
 

777
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:52,210
landing craft would be abandoned and the
fuel equalized between ships for the

778
00:20:52,210 --> 00:20:52,220
fuel equalized between ships for the
 

779
00:20:52,220 --> 00:20:57,850
fuel equalized between ships for the
return trip they would reverse their

780
00:20:57,850 --> 00:20:57,860
return trip they would reverse their
 

781
00:20:57,860 --> 00:21:00,250
return trip they would reverse their
original flight path and head back to a

782
00:21:00,250 --> 00:21:00,260
original flight path and head back to a
 

783
00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:02,890
original flight path and head back to a
low Earth orbit this would take another

784
00:21:02,890 --> 00:21:02,900
low Earth orbit this would take another
 

785
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,280
low Earth orbit this would take another
318 days making a total of five hundred

786
00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:06,290
318 days making a total of five hundred
 

787
00:21:06,290 --> 00:21:09,400
318 days making a total of five hundred
seventy-two days for the round-trip by

788
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:09,410
seventy-two days for the round-trip by
 

789
00:21:09,410 --> 00:21:12,190
seventy-two days for the round-trip by
applying thrust continuously over vast

790
00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:12,200
applying thrust continuously over vast
 

791
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:14,920
applying thrust continuously over vast
distances travel time will be greatly

792
00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:14,930
distances travel time will be greatly
 

793
00:21:14,930 --> 00:21:23,390
distances travel time will be greatly
reduced

794
00:21:23,390 --> 00:21:23,400

 

795
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,190

he will will be used so effectively that

796
00:21:26,190 --> 00:21:26,200
he will will be used so effectively that
 

797
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,140
he will will be used so effectively that
a much bigger weight fraction of the

798
00:21:28,140 --> 00:21:28,150
a much bigger weight fraction of the
 

799
00:21:28,150 --> 00:21:30,390
a much bigger weight fraction of the
space vehicle will be devoted to useful

800
00:21:30,390 --> 00:21:30,400
space vehicle will be devoted to useful
 

801
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:36,720
space vehicle will be devoted to useful
payload reduce travel time to the

802
00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:36,730
payload reduce travel time to the
 

803
00:21:36,730 --> 00:21:42,350
payload reduce travel time to the
distant planets larger useful payloads

804
00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:42,360
distant planets larger useful payloads
 

805
00:21:42,360 --> 00:21:44,970
distant planets larger useful payloads
these are the goals of electric

806
00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:44,980
these are the goals of electric
 

807
00:21:44,980 --> 00:21:48,150
these are the goals of electric
propulsion which will allow numerous

808
00:21:48,150 --> 00:21:48,160
propulsion which will allow numerous
 

809
00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:49,860
propulsion which will allow numerous
missions to be carried out that would

810
00:21:49,860 --> 00:21:49,870
missions to be carried out that would
 

811
00:21:49,870 --> 00:21:53,750
missions to be carried out that would
otherwise be impractical or impossible

812
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:53,760
otherwise be impractical or impossible
 

813
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:57,780
otherwise be impractical or impossible
our next film is more recent from 1987

814
00:21:57,780 --> 00:21:57,790
our next film is more recent from 1987
 

815
00:21:57,790 --> 00:22:03,480
our next film is more recent from 1987
it's also about exploring Mars Mars

816
00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:03,490
it's also about exploring Mars Mars
 

817
00:22:03,490 --> 00:22:05,640
it's also about exploring Mars Mars
commonly referred to as the red planet

818
00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:05,650
commonly referred to as the red planet
 

819
00:22:05,650 --> 00:22:08,250
commonly referred to as the red planet
is one of our closest neighbors beyond

820
00:22:08,250 --> 00:22:08,260
is one of our closest neighbors beyond
 

821
00:22:08,260 --> 00:22:11,010
is one of our closest neighbors beyond
the moon it has qualities that make it a

822
00:22:11,010 --> 00:22:11,020
the moon it has qualities that make it a
 

823
00:22:11,020 --> 00:22:14,370
the moon it has qualities that make it a
potentially habitable outpost before all

824
00:22:14,370 --> 00:22:14,380
potentially habitable outpost before all
 

825
00:22:14,380 --> 00:22:16,490
potentially habitable outpost before all
Martian exploration ended in November

826
00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:16,500
Martian exploration ended in November
 

827
00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:20,310
Martian exploration ended in November
1982 a handful of probes had made the

828
00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:20,320
1982 a handful of probes had made the
 

829
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:24,300
1982 a handful of probes had made the
year-long journey Viking ones orbiter

830
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:24,310
year-long journey Viking ones orbiter
 

831
00:22:24,310 --> 00:22:26,790
year-long journey Viking ones orbiter
completed nearly 1500 picture-taking

832
00:22:26,790 --> 00:22:26,800
completed nearly 1500 picture-taking
 

833
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:29,139
completed nearly 1500 picture-taking
trips around the planet

834
00:22:29,139 --> 00:22:29,149
trips around the planet
 

835
00:22:29,149 --> 00:22:31,329
trips around the planet
while it's Lander studied samples and

836
00:22:31,329 --> 00:22:31,339
while it's Lander studied samples and
 

837
00:22:31,339 --> 00:22:33,789
while it's Lander studied samples and
returned to views from the surface as a

838
00:22:33,789 --> 00:22:33,799
returned to views from the surface as a
 

839
00:22:33,799 --> 00:22:36,279
returned to views from the surface as a
result Mars is well met but many

840
00:22:36,279 --> 00:22:36,289
result Mars is well met but many
 

841
00:22:36,289 --> 00:22:38,739
result Mars is well met but many
questions remain so researchers are

842
00:22:38,739 --> 00:22:38,749
questions remain so researchers are
 

843
00:22:38,749 --> 00:22:40,989
questions remain so researchers are
designing systems to explore the varied

844
00:22:40,989 --> 00:22:40,999
designing systems to explore the varied
 

845
00:22:40,999 --> 00:22:43,810
designing systems to explore the varied
Martian geography in anticipation of a

846
00:22:43,810 --> 00:22:43,820
Martian geography in anticipation of a
 

847
00:22:43,820 --> 00:22:47,349
Martian geography in anticipation of a
return mission on calm sunny mornings

848
00:22:47,349 --> 00:22:47,359
return mission on calm sunny mornings
 

849
00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:49,659
return mission on calm sunny mornings
Jim Burke can often be found flying this

850
00:22:49,659 --> 00:22:49,669
Jim Burke can often be found flying this
 

851
00:22:49,669 --> 00:22:51,519
Jim Burke can often be found flying this
lightweight solar balloon in the

852
00:22:51,519 --> 00:22:51,529
lightweight solar balloon in the
 

853
00:22:51,529 --> 00:22:52,930
lightweight solar balloon in the
courtyard at NASA's Jet Propulsion

854
00:22:52,930 --> 00:22:52,940
courtyard at NASA's Jet Propulsion
 

855
00:22:52,940 --> 00:22:56,440
courtyard at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena California mr.

856
00:22:56,440 --> 00:22:56,450
Laboratory in Pasadena California mr.
 

857
00:22:56,450 --> 00:22:58,329
Laboratory in Pasadena California mr.
Burke views his study as an important

858
00:22:58,329 --> 00:22:58,339
Burke views his study as an important
 

859
00:22:58,339 --> 00:23:00,459
Burke views his study as an important
stepping stone to a larger goal in

860
00:23:00,459 --> 00:23:00,469
stepping stone to a larger goal in
 

861
00:23:00,469 --> 00:23:02,529
stepping stone to a larger goal in
gathering more precise information about

862
00:23:02,529 --> 00:23:02,539
gathering more precise information about
 

863
00:23:02,539 --> 00:23:05,379
gathering more precise information about
the red planet NOW the Martian

864
00:23:05,379 --> 00:23:05,389
the red planet NOW the Martian
 

865
00:23:05,389 --> 00:23:09,489
the red planet NOW the Martian
atmosphere is carbon dioxide and if you

866
00:23:09,489 --> 00:23:09,499
atmosphere is carbon dioxide and if you
 

867
00:23:09,499 --> 00:23:11,709
atmosphere is carbon dioxide and if you
put a black balloon that's light enough

868
00:23:11,709 --> 00:23:11,719
put a black balloon that's light enough
 

869
00:23:11,719 --> 00:23:14,379
put a black balloon that's light enough
with a light enough payload into that

870
00:23:14,379 --> 00:23:14,389
with a light enough payload into that
 

871
00:23:14,389 --> 00:23:17,320
with a light enough payload into that
atmosphere the sun shining on the black

872
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:17,330
atmosphere the sun shining on the black
 

873
00:23:17,330 --> 00:23:19,719
atmosphere the sun shining on the black
balloon will warm it up like the heat

874
00:23:19,719 --> 00:23:19,729
balloon will warm it up like the heat
 

875
00:23:19,729 --> 00:23:21,700
balloon will warm it up like the heat
inside a parked car with the windows

876
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:21,710
inside a parked car with the windows
 

877
00:23:21,710 --> 00:23:25,329
inside a parked car with the windows
shut and it gets hot enough inside to

878
00:23:25,329 --> 00:23:25,339
shut and it gets hot enough inside to
 

879
00:23:25,339 --> 00:23:29,560
shut and it gets hot enough inside to
become a hot air balloon scientists

880
00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:29,570
become a hot air balloon scientists
 

881
00:23:29,570 --> 00:23:32,139
become a hot air balloon scientists
students and engineers from JPL and the

882
00:23:32,139 --> 00:23:32,149
students and engineers from JPL and the
 

883
00:23:32,149 --> 00:23:34,450
students and engineers from JPL and the
California Institute of Technology have

884
00:23:34,450 --> 00:23:34,460
California Institute of Technology have
 

885
00:23:34,460 --> 00:23:36,430
California Institute of Technology have
taken the concept a step further by

886
00:23:36,430 --> 00:23:36,440
taken the concept a step further by
 

887
00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:38,769
taken the concept a step further by
testing the feasibility of this 30 foot

888
00:23:38,769 --> 00:23:38,779
testing the feasibility of this 30 foot
 

889
00:23:38,779 --> 00:23:41,079
testing the feasibility of this 30 foot
diameter solar balloon that might be

890
00:23:41,079 --> 00:23:41,089
diameter solar balloon that might be
 

891
00:23:41,089 --> 00:23:44,649
diameter solar balloon that might be
used to study Mars in theory the device

892
00:23:44,649 --> 00:23:44,659
used to study Mars in theory the device
 

893
00:23:44,659 --> 00:23:46,690
used to study Mars in theory the device
could be blown around by local Martian

894
00:23:46,690 --> 00:23:46,700
could be blown around by local Martian
 

895
00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:48,759
could be blown around by local Martian
winds during the day to collect data and

896
00:23:48,759 --> 00:23:48,769
winds during the day to collect data and
 

897
00:23:48,769 --> 00:23:50,979
winds during the day to collect data and
take pictures at night it would cool

898
00:23:50,979 --> 00:23:50,989
take pictures at night it would cool
 

899
00:23:50,989 --> 00:23:53,649
take pictures at night it would cool
down lose buoyancy and lower itself to

900
00:23:53,649 --> 00:23:53,659
down lose buoyancy and lower itself to
 

901
00:23:53,659 --> 00:23:55,539
down lose buoyancy and lower itself to
the ground to survey the planet's

902
00:23:55,539 --> 00:23:55,549
the ground to survey the planet's
 

903
00:23:55,549 --> 00:23:58,930
the ground to survey the planet's
surface the small clear balloon holds

904
00:23:58,930 --> 00:23:58,940
surface the small clear balloon holds
 

905
00:23:58,940 --> 00:24:00,459
surface the small clear balloon holds
the larger one off the ground at night

906
00:24:00,459 --> 00:24:00,469
the larger one off the ground at night
 

907
00:24:00,469 --> 00:24:01,959
the larger one off the ground at night
so it won't get damaged

908
00:24:01,959 --> 00:24:01,969
so it won't get damaged
 

909
00:24:01,969 --> 00:24:04,119
so it won't get damaged
there are many regions of Mars that

910
00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:04,129
there are many regions of Mars that
 

911
00:24:04,129 --> 00:24:06,010
there are many regions of Mars that
could be explored this way

912
00:24:06,010 --> 00:24:06,020
could be explored this way
 

913
00:24:06,020 --> 00:24:09,450
could be explored this way
to Gymboree one very interesting

914
00:24:09,450 --> 00:24:09,460
to Gymboree one very interesting
 

915
00:24:09,460 --> 00:24:13,180
to Gymboree one very interesting
possibility is to put the balloon in the

916
00:24:13,180 --> 00:24:13,190
possibility is to put the balloon in the
 

917
00:24:13,190 --> 00:24:15,610
possibility is to put the balloon in the
atmosphere get it inflated operating up

918
00:24:15,610 --> 00:24:15,620
atmosphere get it inflated operating up
 

919
00:24:15,620 --> 00:24:17,800
atmosphere get it inflated operating up
in the polar regions and let the

920
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:17,810
in the polar regions and let the
 

921
00:24:17,810 --> 00:24:21,550
in the polar regions and let the
circumpolar winds drift it down across

922
00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:21,560
circumpolar winds drift it down across
 

923
00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:25,180
circumpolar winds drift it down across
the polar cap over the layered terrain

924
00:24:25,180 --> 00:24:25,190
the polar cap over the layered terrain
 

925
00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:27,520
the polar cap over the layered terrain
which is in the canyons that spiral out

926
00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:27,530
which is in the canyons that spiral out
 

927
00:24:27,530 --> 00:24:29,620
which is in the canyons that spiral out
from the polar cap then across the

928
00:24:29,620 --> 00:24:29,630
from the polar cap then across the
 

929
00:24:29,630 --> 00:24:33,370
from the polar cap then across the
immense dune fields that surround the

930
00:24:33,370 --> 00:24:33,380
immense dune fields that surround the
 

931
00:24:33,380 --> 00:24:35,770
immense dune fields that surround the
polar caps and on downward into

932
00:24:35,770 --> 00:24:35,780
polar caps and on downward into
 

933
00:24:35,780 --> 00:24:38,860
polar caps and on downward into
temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely

934
00:24:38,860 --> 00:24:38,870
temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely
 

935
00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:41,320
temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely
explore the surface of Mars a number of

936
00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:41,330
explore the surface of Mars a number of
 

937
00:24:41,330 --> 00:24:43,480
explore the surface of Mars a number of
devices have been investigated they

938
00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:43,490
devices have been investigated they
 

939
00:24:43,490 --> 00:24:46,060
devices have been investigated they
include early roving vehicle prototypes

940
00:24:46,060 --> 00:24:46,070
include early roving vehicle prototypes
 

941
00:24:46,070 --> 00:24:48,490
include early roving vehicle prototypes
designed to crawl or wheel their way

942
00:24:48,490 --> 00:24:48,500
designed to crawl or wheel their way
 

943
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:51,730
designed to crawl or wheel their way
across alien terrain Rovers continue to

944
00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:51,740
across alien terrain Rovers continue to
 

945
00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:53,980
across alien terrain Rovers continue to
be designed today based on some of these

946
00:24:53,980 --> 00:24:53,990
be designed today based on some of these
 

947
00:24:53,990 --> 00:24:58,090
be designed today based on some of these
models University of Arizona's lunar and

948
00:24:58,090 --> 00:24:58,100
models University of Arizona's lunar and
 

949
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:00,400
models University of Arizona's lunar and
planetary labs graduate students and

950
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:00,410
planetary labs graduate students and
 

951
00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:02,170
planetary labs graduate students and
faculty have recently built this

952
00:25:02,170 --> 00:25:02,180
faculty have recently built this
 

953
00:25:02,180 --> 00:25:05,260
faculty have recently built this
gigantic two-wheeled prototype Mars

954
00:25:05,260 --> 00:25:05,270
gigantic two-wheeled prototype Mars
 

955
00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:06,060
gigantic two-wheeled prototype Mars
rover

956
00:25:06,060 --> 00:25:06,070
rover
 

957
00:25:06,070 --> 00:25:08,470
rover
another vehicle being developed as this

958
00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:08,480
another vehicle being developed as this
 

959
00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:10,840
another vehicle being developed as this
robotic six wheeled version which is

960
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:10,850
robotic six wheeled version which is
 

961
00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:13,450
robotic six wheeled version which is
JPL's latest testbed for understanding

962
00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:13,460
JPL's latest testbed for understanding
 

963
00:25:13,460 --> 00:25:15,610
JPL's latest testbed for understanding
the control and vision systems needed

964
00:25:15,610 --> 00:25:15,620
the control and vision systems needed
 

965
00:25:15,620 --> 00:25:18,010
the control and vision systems needed
for a Mars mission according to Brian

966
00:25:18,010 --> 00:25:18,020
for a Mars mission according to Brian
 

967
00:25:18,020 --> 00:25:19,870
for a Mars mission according to Brian
Wilcox of the robotics and tella

968
00:25:19,870 --> 00:25:19,880
Wilcox of the robotics and tella
 

969
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,690
Wilcox of the robotics and tella
operators Research Group at JPL sending

970
00:25:22,690 --> 00:25:22,700
operators Research Group at JPL sending
 

971
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:24,610
operators Research Group at JPL sending
commands to a rover on Mars would be

972
00:25:24,610 --> 00:25:24,620
commands to a rover on Mars would be
 

973
00:25:24,620 --> 00:25:27,070
commands to a rover on Mars would be
difficult because of the 10 to 40 minute

974
00:25:27,070 --> 00:25:27,080
difficult because of the 10 to 40 minute
 

975
00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:29,500
difficult because of the 10 to 40 minute
round-trip delay you can't just sit

976
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:29,510
round-trip delay you can't just sit
 

977
00:25:29,510 --> 00:25:31,660
round-trip delay you can't just sit
there and steer in your armchair from a

978
00:25:31,660 --> 00:25:31,670
there and steer in your armchair from a
 

979
00:25:31,670 --> 00:25:34,090
there and steer in your armchair from a
TV monitor and make the vehicle do

980
00:25:34,090 --> 00:25:34,100
TV monitor and make the vehicle do
 

981
00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,190
TV monitor and make the vehicle do
useful things because of this long speed

982
00:25:36,190 --> 00:25:36,200
useful things because of this long speed
 

983
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:37,750
useful things because of this long speed
of light delay so we've identified

984
00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:37,760
of light delay so we've identified
 

985
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,870
of light delay so we've identified
several techniques to maneuver a vehicle

986
00:25:40,870 --> 00:25:40,880
several techniques to maneuver a vehicle
 

987
00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:43,720
several techniques to maneuver a vehicle
on Mars in such a way that you can go

988
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:43,730
on Mars in such a way that you can go
 

989
00:25:43,730 --> 00:25:46,690
on Mars in such a way that you can go
useful distances in a day in spite of

990
00:25:46,690 --> 00:25:46,700
useful distances in a day in spite of
 

991
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:49,270
useful distances in a day in spite of
the fact that the humans are this long

992
00:25:49,270 --> 00:25:49,280
the fact that the humans are this long
 

993
00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:51,490
the fact that the humans are this long
speed of light delay remove from the

994
00:25:51,490 --> 00:25:51,500
speed of light delay remove from the
 

995
00:25:51,500 --> 00:26:09,550
speed of light delay remove from the
action

996
00:26:09,550 --> 00:26:09,560

 

997
00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:12,830

the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras

998
00:26:12,830 --> 00:26:12,840
the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras
 

999
00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:14,930
the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras
for eyes and is capable of climbing

1000
00:26:14,930 --> 00:26:14,940
for eyes and is capable of climbing
 

1001
00:26:14,940 --> 00:26:17,600
for eyes and is capable of climbing
objects 1/3 taller than its wheel height

1002
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:17,610
objects 1/3 taller than its wheel height
 

1003
00:26:17,610 --> 00:26:19,880
objects 1/3 taller than its wheel height
the proposed mission vehicle would have

1004
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:19,890
the proposed mission vehicle would have
 

1005
00:26:19,890 --> 00:26:22,310
the proposed mission vehicle would have
robotic arms to make measurements and

1006
00:26:22,310 --> 00:26:22,320
robotic arms to make measurements and
 

1007
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:30,430
robotic arms to make measurements and
collect rock and soil samples

1008
00:26:30,430 --> 00:26:30,440

 

1009
00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:33,289

using Rovers onboard vision system

1010
00:26:33,289 --> 00:26:33,299
using Rovers onboard vision system
 

1011
00:26:33,299 --> 00:26:35,749
using Rovers onboard vision system
scientists can freeze three-dimensional

1012
00:26:35,749 --> 00:26:35,759
scientists can freeze three-dimensional
 

1013
00:26:35,759 --> 00:26:37,580
scientists can freeze three-dimensional
images from its pair of television

1014
00:26:37,580 --> 00:26:37,590
images from its pair of television
 

1015
00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:40,190
images from its pair of television
cameras they can then designate the

1016
00:26:40,190 --> 00:26:40,200
cameras they can then designate the
 

1017
00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:42,499
cameras they can then designate the
pathway to follow continually updating

1018
00:26:42,499 --> 00:26:42,509
pathway to follow continually updating
 

1019
00:26:42,509 --> 00:26:44,629
pathway to follow continually updating
commands from Earth so that the rover is

1020
00:26:44,629 --> 00:26:44,639
commands from Earth so that the rover is
 

1021
00:26:44,639 --> 00:26:48,070
commands from Earth so that the rover is
able to avoid obstacles and hazards as

1022
00:26:48,070 --> 00:26:48,080
able to avoid obstacles and hazards as
 

1023
00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:50,810
able to avoid obstacles and hazards as
more sophisticated visual systems are

1024
00:26:50,810 --> 00:26:50,820
more sophisticated visual systems are
 

1025
00:26:50,820 --> 00:26:52,430
more sophisticated visual systems are
developed greater artificial

1026
00:26:52,430 --> 00:26:52,440
developed greater artificial
 

1027
00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:54,560
developed greater artificial
intelligence can help the rover find its

1028
00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:54,570
intelligence can help the rover find its
 

1029
00:26:54,570 --> 00:26:57,200
intelligence can help the rover find its
own way if given high-resolution imagery

1030
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:57,210
own way if given high-resolution imagery
 

1031
00:26:57,210 --> 00:26:59,539
own way if given high-resolution imagery
of the Martian surface and a list of

1032
00:26:59,539 --> 00:26:59,549
of the Martian surface and a list of
 

1033
00:26:59,549 --> 00:27:01,700
of the Martian surface and a list of
targeted regions designated by

1034
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:01,710
targeted regions designated by
 

1035
00:27:01,710 --> 00:27:05,060
targeted regions designated by
earthbound scientists the hope is to

1036
00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,070
earthbound scientists the hope is to
 

1037
00:27:05,070 --> 00:27:06,950
earthbound scientists the hope is to
someday send a manned mission to Mars

1038
00:27:06,950 --> 00:27:06,960
someday send a manned mission to Mars
 

1039
00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:09,409
someday send a manned mission to Mars
but a more detailed study of the planet

1040
00:27:09,409 --> 00:27:09,419
but a more detailed study of the planet
 

1041
00:27:09,419 --> 00:27:11,840
but a more detailed study of the planet
is necessary first and these pioneering

1042
00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:11,850
is necessary first and these pioneering
 

1043
00:27:11,850 --> 00:27:14,269
is necessary first and these pioneering
steps can be made by roving vehicles and

1044
00:27:14,269 --> 00:27:14,279
steps can be made by roving vehicles and
 

1045
00:27:14,279 --> 00:27:17,330
steps can be made by roving vehicles and
balloons again Brian Wilcox if you

1046
00:27:17,330 --> 00:27:17,340
balloons again Brian Wilcox if you
 

1047
00:27:17,340 --> 00:27:20,299
balloons again Brian Wilcox if you
imagine an expedition Lewis and Clark

1048
00:27:20,299 --> 00:27:20,309
imagine an expedition Lewis and Clark
 

1049
00:27:20,309 --> 00:27:22,629
imagine an expedition Lewis and Clark
trying to survey the Louisiana Purchase

1050
00:27:22,629 --> 00:27:22,639
trying to survey the Louisiana Purchase
 

1051
00:27:22,639 --> 00:27:25,609
trying to survey the Louisiana Purchase
they've basically made one track across

1052
00:27:25,609 --> 00:27:25,619
they've basically made one track across
 

1053
00:27:25,619 --> 00:27:27,289
they've basically made one track across
a very small fraction of the land

1054
00:27:27,289 --> 00:27:27,299
a very small fraction of the land
 

1055
00:27:27,299 --> 00:27:30,379
a very small fraction of the land
surface of the earth took them years to

1056
00:27:30,379 --> 00:27:30,389
surface of the earth took them years to
 

1057
00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:33,680
surface of the earth took them years to
do it and yet they found incredible

1058
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:33,690
do it and yet they found incredible
 

1059
00:27:33,690 --> 00:27:35,299
do it and yet they found incredible
things all along the way we could

1060
00:27:35,299 --> 00:27:35,309
things all along the way we could
 

1061
00:27:35,309 --> 00:27:38,090
things all along the way we could
certainly have a dozen Rover missions

1062
00:27:38,090 --> 00:27:38,100
certainly have a dozen Rover missions
 

1063
00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:41,930
certainly have a dozen Rover missions
which yielded equally interesting

1064
00:27:41,930 --> 00:27:41,940
which yielded equally interesting
 

1065
00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:45,919
which yielded equally interesting
results the exploration of Mars sending

1066
00:27:45,919 --> 00:27:45,929
results the exploration of Mars sending
 

1067
00:27:45,929 --> 00:27:48,950
results the exploration of Mars sending
unmanned vehicles as pathfinders for the

1068
00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:48,960
unmanned vehicles as pathfinders for the
 

1069
00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:51,800
unmanned vehicles as pathfinders for the
future

1070
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:51,810

 

1071
00:27:51,810 --> 00:27:54,270

that's all we have for this edition of

1072
00:27:54,270 --> 00:27:54,280
that's all we have for this edition of
 

1073
00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:57,420
that's all we have for this edition of
NASA images but before we go let me

1074
00:27:57,420 --> 00:27:57,430
NASA images but before we go let me
 

1075
00:27:57,430 --> 00:27:59,640
NASA images but before we go let me
remind you that you're cordially invited

1076
00:27:59,640 --> 00:27:59,650
remind you that you're cordially invited
 

1077
00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:02,190
remind you that you're cordially invited
to see the displays here at the Visitor

1078
00:28:02,190 --> 00:28:02,200
to see the displays here at the Visitor
 

1079
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:04,380
to see the displays here at the Visitor
Center at the NASA Lewis Research Center

1080
00:28:04,380 --> 00:28:04,390
Center at the NASA Lewis Research Center
 

1081
00:28:04,390 --> 00:28:07,080
Center at the NASA Lewis Research Center
we're located near Hopkins International

1082
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:07,090
we're located near Hopkins International
 

1083
00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:09,660
we're located near Hopkins International
Airport in Cleveland until next time

1084
00:28:09,660 --> 00:28:09,670
Airport in Cleveland until next time
 

1085
00:28:09,670 --> 00:28:13,920
Airport in Cleveland until next time
this is Lynn Bondurant saying goodbye